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1994-06-04
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Date: Tue, 15 Feb 94 20:11:17 PST
From: Info-Hams Mailing List and Newsgroup <info-hams@ucsd.edu>
Errors-To: Info-Hams-Errors@UCSD.Edu
Reply-To: Info-Hams@UCSD.Edu
Precedence: Bulk
Subject: Info-Hams Digest V94 #157
To: Info-Hams
Info-Hams Digest Tue, 15 Feb 94 Volume 94 : Issue 157
Today's Topics:
6 Meter Big Wheel Ant?
CFV: sci.geo.satellite-nav
Daily Summary of Solar Geophysical Activity for 13 February
Do NiMH Batteries Dev. Memories?
FCC Daily Digests for the
Golf Causes Cancer!
HDN Releases
HT Recs out there? (TH78A)
Noise Problem (2 msgs)
Schematic for Heathkit HW-2036A Needed
soldering PL-259 to coax
which is better qrp band--30 or 40?
Send Replies or notes for publication to: <Info-Hams@UCSD.Edu>
Send subscription requests to: <Info-Hams-REQUEST@UCSD.Edu>
Problems you can't solve otherwise to brian@ucsd.edu.
Archives of past issues of the Info-Hams Digest are available
(by FTP only) from UCSD.Edu in directory "mailarchives/info-hams".
We trust that readers are intelligent enough to realize that all text
herein consists of personal comments and does not represent the official
policies or positions of any party. Your mileage may vary. So there.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: 14 Feb 1994 17:54:08 GMT
From: ucsnews!newshub.sdsu.edu!usc!howland.reston.ans.net!math.ohio-state.edu!magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu!peri.acs.ohio-state.edu!rdixon@network.ucsd.edu
Subject: 6 Meter Big Wheel Ant?
To: info-hams@ucsd.edu
In article <henrysCL7yMn.H1x@netcom.com>, henrys@netcom.com (Henry B. Smith) writes:
|> Has anybody ever seen the plans for a 6 Meter Big Wheel Antenna?
|>
|> If so, please pass along the reference.
|>
|> Thanks,
|>
|> Smitty, NA5K
|>
|> --
|> -----------------------------------------------------------------------
|> | Henry B. Smith - NA5K henrys@netcom.com |
|> | Dallas, Texas |
|> | |
|> | "I'm not sure I understand everything that I know" |
|> -----------------------------------------------------------------------
I built several many years ago. Scaled the design up from two meter designs.
Used half inch electrical conduit for the elements. They worked great, but are
long since gone.
Bob W8ERD
------------------------------
Date: 15 Feb 1994 18:20:49 -0500
From: bounce-back@uunet.uu.net
Subject: CFV: sci.geo.satellite-nav
To: info-hams@ucsd.edu
FIRST CALL FOR VOTES (of 2)
unmoderated group sci.geo.satellite-nav
Newsgroups line:
sci.geo.satellite-nav Satellite navigation systems, especially GPS.
Votes must be received by 23:59:59 UTC, 8 March 1994.
After this CFV appears on news.announce.newgroups, it will be posted
to the GPS Digest <gps-request@tws4.si.com>.
This vote is being conducted by a neutral third party. For voting
questions only contact rdippold@qualcomm.com. For questions about the
proposed group contact Andy Arkusinski <arkusinski_andy@si.com>.
CHARTER
This will be an unmoderated newsgroup.
SCI.GEO.SATELLITE-NAV was chosen because the focus of this group is on
navigation. The SCI.SPACE hierarchy deals with various aspects of
space exploration and use, but this newsgroup deals mostly with
terrestrial applications. The fact that the space segment is in space
is almost incidental to the focus of the newsgroup.
SCI.GEO.SATELLITE-NAV will allow a centralized location for discussion
of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). The charter
specifically includes the US Global Positioning System (GPS) and
Russian GLONASS, but is also open to discussion of other existing and
future satellite positioning systems.
Some topics that fall under this newsgroup charter are:
* Technical aspects of GNSS operation.
* User experiences in the use of GNSS.
* Information regarding GNSS products.
* Discussion of GNSS policy (such as GPS
selective availability).
* Extensions to basic GNSS technology, such as
differential GPS and pseudolites.
* Navigational uses of satellite systems whose primary
purpose is not navigation, such as a communication
satellite net.
Examples of topics that would not fall under the group charter are:
* Other satellite systems such as communications and
intelligence gathering, except for navigational uses of
such systems.
* Discussion of space policy in general.
* Discussion of areas that may use GNSS, such as
surveying, sailing, or aeronautics, except as they
directly relate to use of GNSS.
GPS, in particular, has turned out to be a technology with a great
deal of synergism with many fields. GPS is used, not only for
military positioning which was the original purpose, but in
applications as diverse as entomology and film making. A major intent
of this newsgroup is to share the uses to which GNSS technology is
being put, thus inspiring even more innovative uses.
While part of the SCI.GEO hierarchy, this newsgroup does not exclude
non-terrestrial uses of satellite navigation. Use of GPS to determine
space vehicle position is within the charter.
This group is also intended to function as a resource for newcomers,
who can post their questions and receive help from others who have
passed that way before.
Rationale: There is no single newsgroup where information on GPS and
other satellite navigation systems can be found. Questions are often
posted in newsgroups such as sci.electronics, rec.aviation, and
sci.aeronautics. To address this lack, the mailing list GPS Digest
was started about a year ago, and now has over 400 subscribers.
Recently we attempted to convert GPS Digest from a moderated weekly
newsletter to an unmoderated reflector. Submissions, which had been
running at 2-3 per week, immediately picked up to 15 the first day.
Our resources were overloaded, and the Digest is back to the original
format. Many readers indicated the real-time response was helpful and
suggested the formation of a newsgroup.
The RFD and CFV will be posted to the GPS Digest mailing list as well
as Usenet newsgroups. Only those readers with access to Usenet should
cast votes (for or against) formation of the newsgroup.
HOW TO VOTE
Send MAIL to: voting@qualcomm.com
Just Replying should work if you are not reading this on a mailing list.
Your mail message should contain one of the following statements:
I vote YES on sci.geo.satellite-nav
I vote NO on sci.geo.satellite-nav
You may also ABSTAIN in place of YES/NO - this will not affect the outcome.
Anything else may be rejected by the automatic vote counting program. The
votetaker will respond to your received ballots with a personal acknowledge-
ment by mail - if you do not receive one within several days, try again.
It's your responsibility to make sure your vote is registered correctly.
Only one vote per person and per account will be counted. Addresses and
votes of all voters will be published in the final voting results list.
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 14 Feb 1994 01:42:28 MST
From: swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!sol.ctr.columbia.edu!destroyer!nntp.cs.ubc.ca!alberta!ve6mgs!usenet@network.ucsd.edu
Subject: Daily Summary of Solar Geophysical Activity for 13 February
To: info-hams@ucsd.edu
/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\
DAILY SUMMARY OF SOLAR GEOPHYSICAL ACT
13 FEBRUARY, 1994
/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\
(Based In-Part On SESC Observational Data)
SOLAR AND GEOPHYSICAL ACT
------------------------------------------------------------
!!BEGIN!! (1.0) S.T.D. Solar Geophysical Data Broadcast for DAY 044, 02/13/94
10.7 FLUX=097.8 90-AVG=106 SSN=072 BKI=4333 3553 BAI=024
BGND-XRAY=B2.5 FLU1=3.9E+06 FLU10=1.3E+04 PKI=4335 4554 PAI=028
BOU-DEV=052,023,028,031,038,075,075,034 DEV-AVG=044 NT SWF=00:000
XRAY-MAX= C1.3 @ 0245UT XRAY-MIN= B1.9 @ 1823UT XRAY-AVG= B4.2
NEUTN-MAX= +003% @ 2035UT NEUTN-MIN= -001% @ 1705UT NEUTN-AVG= +0.7%
PCA-MAX= +0.1DB @ 2040UT PCA-MIN= -0.3DB @ 0600UT PCA-AVG= -0.0DB
BOUTF-MAX=55359NT @ 0129UT BOUTF-MIN=55295NT @ 1832UT BOUTF-AVG=55336NT
GOES7-MAX=P:+000NT@ 0000UT GOES7-MIN=N:+000NT@ 0000UT G7-AVG=+062,+000,+000
GOES6-MAX=P:+122NT@ 1546UT GOES6-MIN=N:-080NT@ 0751UT G6-AVG=+084,+040,-032
FLUXFCST=STD:100,103,107;SESC:100,103,107 BAI/PAI-FCST=020,020,015/025,020,015
KFCST=3334 4433 3334 4433 27DAY-AP=020,022 27DAY-KP=4544 2333 3333 5533
WARNINGS=*GSTRM;*AURMIDWCH
ALERTS=**SWEEP:IV=2@0051-0244-0429UTC
!!END-DATA!!
NOTE: The Effective Sunspot Number for 12 FEB 94 was 24.2.
The Full Kp Indices for 12 FEB 94 are not available.
The 3-Hr Ap Indices for 12 FEB 94 are not available.
SYNOPSIS OF ACT
--------------------
Solar activity was low. Two C1 x-ray events were
observed this period; the first was correlated with a SF flare
from Region 7668 (N08W17) with a maximum at 12/2346. Since the
flare, 7668 has shown some decay, particularily in the trailer
portion of the group. The second C1 event began at 13/0051Z,
maxed at 13/0244Z and finally ended at 13/0429Z. It was
optically uncorrelated. Culgoora reported a Type IV sweep with
start and end times at 13/0159Z and 13/0234Z respectively. One
new region was numbered this period -- Rgn 7671 (N11E75).
Solar activity forecast: solar activity is expected to be
low. Rgn 7668 and Region complex 7670 (N09E60) and rgn 7671
all have the potential to produce C-class activity.
At middle latitudes, the geomagnetic field has been mostly
unsettled to active with some minor storm conditions reported
during the past 24 hours. High latituds conditions have been
at mostly unsettled to minor storm levels with some stations
reporting major to severe storm conditions.
Geophysical activity forecast: the geomagnetic field is
expected to persist at mostly unsettled to active levels with
periods of minor to major storm conditions likely. Conditions
are expected to moderate to mostly unsettled on day three of the
forecast period.
Event probabilities 14 feb-16 feb
Class M 05/10/15
Class X 01/01/01
Proton 01/01/01
PCAF Green
Geomagnetic activity probabilities 14 feb-16 feb
A. Middle Latitudes
Active 35/25/20
Minor Storm 15/05/05
Major-Severe Storm 05/01/01
B. High Latitudes
Active 40/30/25
Minor Storm 25/10/10
Major-Severe Storm 10/05/01
HF propagation conditions persisted below-normal over all
regions. Hardest hit continue to be the upper middle to polar
latitudes where occasional near-useless propagation conditions
have existed at some times of the day. No significant changes
are expected over the next 72 hours, although a very gradual
trend toward improving conditions is expected, particularly
after approximately 15 or 16 February. High latitudes will
require several additional days to recover from this rather
influential disturbance.
COPIES OF JOINT USAF/NOAA SESC SOLAR GEOPHYSICAL REPORTS
========================================================
REGIONS WIT
-----------------------------------------------------------
NMBR LOCATION LO AREA Z LL NN MAG TYPE
7666 N16W83 350 0040 HSX 02 001 ALPHA
7668 N08W17 284 0070 DAO 10 018 BET
7669 N06E44 223 0000 AXX 00 001 ALPHA
7670 N09E60 207 0000 AXX 00 001 ALPHA
7671 N11E75 192 0060 HSX 02 001 ALPHA
7667 S07W67 334 PLAGE
REGIONS DUE TO RET
NMBR LAT
7659 S13 150
LISTING OF SOLAR ENERGETIC EVENTS FOR 13 FEBRUARY, 1994
-------------------------------------------------------
BEGIN MAX END RGN LOC XRAY OP 245MHZ 10CM SWEEP
0051 0244 0429 C1.3 IV
1056 1056 1057 140
2101 2101 2102 220
POSSIBLE CORONAL MASS EJECTION EVENTS FOR 13 FEBRUARY, 1994
-----------------------------------------------------------
BEGIN MAX END LOCATION TYPE SIZE DUR II IV
13/ 0051 0244 0429 LDE C1.3 218 2
INFERRED CORONAL HOLES. LOCATIONS VALID AT 13/2400Z
---------------------------------------------------
ISOLATED HOLES AND POLAR EXT
EAST SOUTH WEST NORTH CAR TYPE POL AREA OBSN
NO DAT
SUMMARY OF FLARE EVENTS FOR THE PREVIOUS UTC DAY
------------------------------------------------
Date Begin Max End Xray Op Region Locn 2695 MHz 8800 MHz 15.4 GHz
------ ---- ---- ---- ---- -- ------ ------ --------- --------- ---------
12 Feb: 2337 2346 2354 C1.0 SF 7668 N07W03
REGION FLARE STATISTICS FOR THE PREVIOUS UTC DAY
------------------------------------------------
C M X S 1 2 3 4 Total (%)
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --- ------
Region 7668: 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 001 (100.0)
Uncorrellated: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 ( 0.0)
Total Events: 001 optical and x-ray.
EVENTS WIT
----------------------------------------------------------------
Date Begin Max End Xray Op Region Locn Sweeps/Optical Observations
------ ---- ---- ---- ---- -- ------ ------ ---------------------------
NO EVENTS OBSERVED.
NOTES:
All times are in Universal Time (UT). Characters preceding begin, max,
and end times are defined as: B = Before, U = Uncertain, A = After.
All times associated with x-ray flares (ex. flares which produce
associated x-ray bursts) refer to the begin, max, and end times of the
x-rays. Flares which are not associated with x-ray signatures use the
optical observations to determine the begin, max, and end times.
Acronyms used to identify sweeps and optical phenomena include:
II = Type II Sweep Frequency Event
III = Type III Sweep
IV = Type IV Sweep
V = Type V Sweep
Continuum = Continuum Radio Event
Loop = Loop Prominence System,
Spray = Limb Spray,
Surge = Bright Limb Surge,
EPL = Eruptive Prominence on the Limb.
** End of Daily Report **
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 15 Feb 1994 19:43:16 GMT
From: news.cerf.net!pagesat.net!olivea!spool.mu.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!sdd.hp.com!col.hp.com!srgenprp!alanb@network.ucsd.edu
Subject: Do NiMH Batteries Dev. Memories?
To: info-hams@ucsd.edu
Bill Coleman (bcoleman@hayes.com) wrote:
: The best thing you can do about NiCd memory is to forget it.
^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^
(I love it!)
On the subject of nicads, I have been reading all the magazine articles,
Internet postings and old wives tales for many years trying to figure out
the true story on nicad longevity. I eventually came to exactly the same
conclusion as Bill:
: Two rules for long NiCd life: don't overheat them by overcharging; don't
: discharge them too deeply, or you may get cell reversal in the pack.
And under the "discharging too deeply" category, be careful of nicads that
have sat (charged) on the shelf for a long time. Often one of the cells
has discharged more than the others. To prevent cell reversal, always
recharge such a battery pack before using.
AL N1AL
------------------------------
Date: 13 Feb 94 14:21:00 GMT
From: hotmomma!brent!steve.allen@uunet.uu.net
Subject: FCC Daily Digests for the
To: info-hams@ucsd.edu
bruce@pixar.com (Bruce Perens) writes, and writes, and writes:
[ cable-tv, broadcast FM, commercial microwave, satellite pager
drivel omitted...
]
Bruce: besides being 99.9% irrelevant to amateur radio, this is an
incredible waste of bandwidth. If you feel a need to post this
stuff, form your own newsgroup.
-Steve N2WSA
---
. QMPro 1.51 . There is no bad weather-- only bad clothing
----
The Brentwood BBS! 12 Nodes (914)-381-1600
------------------------------
Date: 13 Feb 94 01:53:21 GMT
From: swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!cyber2.cyberstore.ca!nwnexus!ole!rwing!eskimo!mzenier@network.ucsd.edu
Subject: Golf Causes Cancer!
To: info-hams@ucsd.edu
In <CKz4HD.9KD@srgenprp.sr.hp.com>, Alan Bloom wrote:
: Steve Coletti (bigsteve@dorsai.dorsai.org) wrote:
: : I'd venture a guess that the death rate is probably due to the exposure
: : to chemicals and insecticides used in grounds keeping.
: I suppose, although I doubt they use much insecticide on golf courses.
: (They're mostly grass, aren't they?)
Yes, but it has to be perfect grass. They put so much crud on
golf courses that it made "60 Minutes" when a golfer died from
a reaction to the fungicide that had been spread.
As an example, Diazanon, used for Crane Fly uses 3/4 cup concentrate
for 500 square feet. When used on apples to control Codling Moth,
it's one tablespoon diluted in a gallon of water. (For me, this covers
3 semidwarf trees. And you usually get a headache if the wind blows
the spray back at you. And you can't eat the apples for two weeks.)
The Crane Fly larva eats grass roots. I think they've delisted this use.
I sure as hell wouldn't want to drink well water from under a golf course.
Mark Zenier mzenier@eskimo.com markz@ssc.com
------------------------------
Date: Sun, 13 Feb 1994 07:57:08
From: swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!news.unt.edu!news.oc.com!utacfd.uta.edu!rwsys!ocitor!FredGate@network.ucsd.edu
Subject: HDN Releases
To: info-hams@ucsd.edu
The following files were processed Sunday 02-13-94:
HAMPACK [ HAM: Packet Communications programs ]
----------------------------------------------------------------------
VESTER-A.ZIP ( 525172 bytes) SSTV/FAX480/WEFAX System for IBM &
Clones by K3BC
----------------------------------------------------------------------
525172 bytes in 1 file(s)
Total of 525172 bytes in 1 file(s)
Files are available via Anonymous-FTP from ftp.fidonet.org
IP NET address 140.98.2.1 for seven days. They are mirrored
to ftp.halcyon.com and are available for 60-90 days.
Directories are:
pub/fidonet/ham/hamnews (Bulletins)
/hamant (Antennas)
/hamsat (Sat. prg/Amsat Bulletins)
/hampack (Packet)
/hamelec (Formulas)
/hamtrain (Training Material)
/hamlog (Logging Programs)
/hamcomm (APLink/JvFax/Rtty/etc)
/hammods (Equip modification)
/hamswl (SWBC Skeds/Frequencies)
/hamscan (Scanner Frequencies)
/hamutil (Operating aids/utils)
/hamsrc (Source code to programs)
/hamdemo (Demos of new ham software)
/hamnos (TCP/IP and NOS related software)
Files may be downloaded via land-line at (214) 226-1181 or (214) 226-1182.
1.2 to 16.8K, 23 hours a day .
When ask for Full Name, enter: Guest;guest <return>
lee - ab5sm
Ham Distribution Net
* Origin: Ham Distribution Net Coordinator / Node 1 (1:124/7009)
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 15 Feb 1994 14:55:25 GMT
From: gulfaero.com!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!cs.utexas.edu!geraldo.cc.utexas.edu!portal.austin.ibm.com!awdprime.austin.ibm.com!blood@network.ucsd.edu
Subject: HT Recs out there? (TH78A)
To: info-hams@ucsd.edu
A comment on the TH78A. I think it is a great radio with the following
exceptions: 1: Cannot be used on external antenna on 2M due to horriffic
intermod problems.
2: The battery release latch will occasionally trip when wearing
on your belt, resulting in an unplanned battery drop test.
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 15 Feb 1994 22:13:29 GMT
From: ukma!rsg1.er.usgs.gov!dgg.cr.usgs.gov!bodoh@seismo.css.gov
Subject: Noise Problem
To: info-hams@ucsd.edu
In article <2jqq6i$glg@vixen.cso.uiuc.edu>, ignacy@ux2.cso.uiuc.edu (Ignacy Misztal) writes:
|> Sources of broadband noise in my house:
|> 1. Light dimmers,
|> 2. TV set,
|> 3. Fluorescent lights.
4. Kids
5. Wife
6. Me after discovering 3 yr old reprogramming a scanner
--
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ Tom Bodoh - Sr. systems software engineer, Hughes STX, N0YGT +
+ USGS/EROS Data Center, Sioux Falls, SD, USA 57198 (605) 594-6830 +
+ Internet; bodoh@dgg.cr.usgs.gov (152.61.192.66) +
+ "Welcome back my friends to the show that never ends!" EL&P +
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
------------------------------
Date: 15 Feb 1994 15:36:50 GMT
From: gulfaero.com!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!ux2.cso.uiuc.edu!ignacy@network.ucsd.edu
Subject: Noise Problem
To: info-hams@ucsd.edu
Sources of broadband noise in my house:
1. Light dimmers,
2. TV set,
3. Fluorescent lights.
Ignacy Misztal, NO9E, SP8FWB
ignacy@uiuc.edu
------------------------------
Date: 16 Feb 94 00:39:31 GMT
From: news-mail-gateway@ucsd.edu
Subject: Schematic for Heathkit HW-2036A Needed
To: info-hams@ucsd.edu
I seem to have caused serious injury to a Heathkit HW-2036A. I have all the
documentation EXCEPT the schematic, which is, of course, what I need the
most to fix the beast. :-) Does anyone out there have a schematic for this
radio they would kindly copy for me? I will, of course, pay reasonable
copy/mailing costs.
I've made some mods that will make this a great packet radio if I can get
it back on line. :-)
_____________________________________________________________________
Wm. A. Kirsanoff Internet: WAKIRSAN@ananov.remnet.ab.com
Rockwell International Ham: KD6MCI
(714) 762-2872
Alternate Internet: william_a._kirsanoff@ccmail.anatcp.rockwell.com
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Who are you? * I am number 2. * Who is number 1? * You are number 6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------
Date: 14 Feb 1994 18:29:55 GMT
From: ucsnews!newshub.sdsu.edu!usc!howland.reston.ans.net!wupost!crcnis1.unl.edu!unlinfo.unl.edu!mcduffie@network.ucsd.edu
Subject: soldering PL-259 to coax
To: info-hams@ucsd.edu
wolfman@p-cove.UUCP (Aaron Smith) writes:
> I have had real good luck with a little 5 watt iron. All I do is let it
>heat up for a while, then hold it on the pl-259 and the coax shielding on
>the inside. If I wait like that for about a minute, and then melt the solder
>on the tip and let it run into the hold and wait another min, I get a
>real good connection.
Wow, Aaron! You must grow some big watts in your neck of the woods.
Seriously, you are better off using a large capacity heat source, such
as the 250+ watt gun, because the longer you keep that heat on the
connector, the more likely it is that the center conductor will
migrate. My technique is to get it hot, melt the solder, and get it
cooled down, as quickly as practical. By the way, if you use cheap
connectors, you will also notice that the insulator that holds the
center pin will melt and the pin will sag. Use Amphenol. Hold the
cable and connector still until the end of the cable is cooled so the
center won't migrate. Scotchkote, tape, and more Scotchkote to seal
for outside connections.
GL and 73,
Gary (other one again!)
------------------------------
Date: Fri, 11 Feb 1994 17:29:07 GMT
From: ucsnews!newshub.sdsu.edu!usc!howland.reston.ans.net!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!sdd.hp.com!hpscit.sc.hp.com!hplextra!hpldsla!brunob@network.ucsd.edu
Subject: which is better qrp band--30 or 40?
To: info-hams@ucsd.edu
You will be much better off by using 30m for followin reasons.
40 is segmentaized e.m. different ITU zones can operate only on certain
freq. or segments of the 40m band.
40 has Broadcasts and other QRM working against QRP.
On 40 "other" station can use 1KW so ham to ham QRM is a factor.
30 is 'NEW' and same freq. for all ITU.
Very little QRM
On the edge of muf
Max power is 100w
Beam fix or rotatebl is feasable and in my opinion a must for QRP.
Try it you may like it!!!!!
from the log of AA6AD
------------------------------
End of Info-Hams Digest V94 #157
******************************
******************************